Okwangoku, i-ethanol yebhayoloji yebhayoloji yehlabathi inemveliso yonyaka engaphezu kweetoni ezizigidi ezingama-70, kwaye kukho amazwe amaninzi kunye nemimandla yokuphumeza i-bio-fuel ethanol. Imveliso yonyaka ye-biofuels ye-biofuels e-United States nase-Brazil ifikelele kwi-44.22 yezigidi zeetoni kunye ne-2.118 yezigidi zeetoni, ibekwe phakathi kwababini abaphezulu emhlabeni, ebala ngaphezu kwe-80 % yetotali yehlabathi. Ishishini le-ethanol ye-bio-fuel lishishini eliqhutywa ngumgaqo-nkqubo. I-United States kunye ne-Brazil ekugqibeleni ziye zaqalisa indlela ejolise kwimarike ngenkxaso yomgaqo-nkqubo wemali kunye nerhafu kunye nokunyanzeliswa kwemithetho engqongqo, ukwenza amava ophuhliso oluphezulu.
Amava aseMelika
Indlela yaseMelika kukuphuhlisa i-biofuel ethanol ukwenza umthetho kunye nokunyanzeliswa komthetho ongqongqo, kwaye uyilo oluphezulu ludibaniswa neseti yonke yeendlela zokuphunyezwa.
1. Umthetho. Ngo-1978, iUnited States yabhengeza "uMthetho weRhafu yeRhafu yaMandla" ukunciphisa irhafu yengeniso yomntu kubasebenzisi be-ethanol ye-biofurate kunye nokuvula imarike yesicelo.Ngo-1980, ukukhutshwa kwebhili kwamisela iirhafu eziphezulu kwi-ethanol evela eBrazil ukukhusela ilizwe. Ngo-2004, iUnited States yaqalisa ukubonelela ngenkxaso mali ngokuthe ngqo kubathengisi be-ethanol yebhayofuel, i-$151 ngetoni nganye. i-biofuel ethanol.
2. Ukuthotyelwa komthetho okungqongqo. Amasebe karhulumente afana neSebe leMithombo yoMoya, iBureau yoKhuseleko lokuSingqongileyo, kunye neBurena yeRhafu ngokungqongqo aphumeza imithetho nemigaqo nemigaqo-nkqubo efanelekileyo, nokulawula nokulawula amashishini kunye nabachaphazelekayo kuquka abavelisi, izikhululo zamafutha, abalimi bombona. Ukuze kukhuthazwe ukuphunyezwa okusebenzayo kwemithetho nemigaqo kunye nemigaqo-nkqubo, iUnited States iphinde yaqulunqa “iMigangatho yaMandla aHlaziywayo” (RFS). Ukongeza kwindlela engakanani i-biofuels emele isetyenziswe ngayo e-United States ngonyaka, i-Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo iphinda isebenzise "inkqubo yokulandelelana kwenani lamandla ahlaziyekayo" (RIN) kumgangatho wokuqinisekisa ukuba i-biofuel ethanol yongezwa ngokwenene kwipetroli.
3. Phuhlisa i-ethanol ye-cellulose fuel. Iqhutywa yimfuno, ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukubonelela, kwiminyaka yakutshanje, iUnited States iphuhlise imigaqo-nkqubo yokuphuhlisa i-cellulose fuel ethanol. Ngo-2007, iSebe lezoLimo laseMelika labhengeza ukuba liza kubonelela nge-1.6 yeebhiliyoni zeedola kwinkxaso yenkxaso-mali ye-cellulose fuel ethanol.
Kuxhomekeke ngokuthe ngqo kule mithetho kunye nemimiselo kunye neenkqubo zokuphunyezwa kweyona nto iphambili kwihlabathi, imveliso ephezulu kakhulu, imveliso ephumelele kakhulu, uphuhliso oluyimpumelelo, kwaye ekugqibeleni iqalise indlela yophuhliso olujoliswe kwimarike.
Amava aseBrazil
I-Brazil iphuhlise ishishini le-ethanol yebhayofuel ngolawulo olujolise kwimarike “yeSicwangciso seSizwe soTywala” sangaphambili kummiselo ojolise kwimarike.
1. “Isicwangciso seSizwe soTywala”. Isicwangciso sikhokelwa yi-Brazilian Sugar kunye nekomiti ye-ethanol kunye ne-Brazilian National Petroleum Corporation, kubandakanywa nemigaqo-nkqubo eyahlukeneyo efana neendlela zexabiso, isicwangciso esipheleleyo, izaphulelo zerhafu, inkxaso karhulumente, kunye nemigangatho yokulinganisa ukwenza ungenelelo olunamandla kunye nokulawulwa kwe-ethanol ye-biological fuel. ishishini. Ukuphunyezwa kwesi sicwangciso kukhuthaze ukusekwa kwesiseko sophuhliso lweshishini le-biofuel ethanol.
2. Ipolisi iyaphuma. Ukusukela kwinkulungwane entsha, iBrazil ithe ngokuthe ngcembe yanciphisa iinzame zomgaqo-nkqubo, izithintelo zamaxabiso zayehliswa, kwaye iye yaxatyiswa yimarike.Ngaxeshanye, urhulumente waseBrazil ukhuthaza ngenkuthalo iimoto zamafutha eziguquguqukayo. amaxabiso epetroli kunye namaxabiso e-ethanol ye-biofuel, ngaloo ndlela ekhuthaza ukusetyenziswa kwe-bio-fuel ethanol.
Iimpawu zophuhliso lweshishini le-ethanol yebhayoloji yebhayoloji yaseBrazil iye yaqhelaniswa nentengiso.
Ixesha lokuposa: Feb-23-2023